LAS NUBES PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL ARTS AND FOOD SOVEREIGNTY IN COSTA RICA

In May 2023 I travelled to Costa Rica for two weeks as part of the ENVS 4810B Environmental Arts, and Food Sovereignty course at the York University's Las Nubes Eco Campus. This unique experience provided a guided insight to las granjas(the farms), la comida(the food), and most importantly the la gente(the people) of Perez Zeledon, Santa Elena, and Quizarra. I spent the majority of my stay with a lovely couple- Martine, and Ligia who lived in Quizarra over a sprawling five hectare property where they grew cacao, coffee beans, plantain, bananas, mangoes, tomatoes, limes, lemons, manzanas de agua(water apples), and a whole bunch of other fruits, vegetables, and herbs. Each day we would rise bright, and early to head to a different adventure. Continue reading below for a snippet of what these two weeks entailed. 

SAN JOSE

I arrived at the San Jose International Airport(SJO) on the evening of May 10th, 2023 after a five hour flight from Toronto Pearson Airport(YYZ).  Prior to arriving I was able to connect with another student in the program- Ghezala who would share a hotel with me on our first evening. We met just before boarding our plane, and there began the start of several wonderful friendships that would carry me through the upcoming weeks of this trip alongside the company of Benam, Jennifer,  Ravneet, and Aswan.

YYZ TO SJO TAKE OFF

Toronto Pearson International Airport(YYZ)

YYZ TO SJO LANDING

San Jose International Airport(SJO)

POSADA EL QUIJOTE

Bello Horizonte, San Jose, Escazu, Costa Rica

This was the hotel that Ghezala, and I first visited upon arriving to San Jose. It was a short UBER ride away from the airport, and was under lock, and key until the gentleman at the front desk came, and let us in. Once inside the main gate we were greeted by several wild cats, and a small dog. We were certainly nervous about travelling alone in this foreign country for the first time but together we felt more comfortable to be out, and about.  


VILLAS

Bello Horizonte, San Jose, Escazu, Costa Rica

This was the villa that we stayed in. Inside it featured a kitchen, 3-piece bathroom, a king bed, and a single bed.  Unfortunately while we did book a double bedroom it seems they gave away our room away as we arrived so late from Toronto, and this was all they had left. It was fine for one evening, and we loved the unique feel of the space so that definitely made up for that. If you use any credit card rewards programs you may be able to find this on their list of properties to book with your points which made this a great booking overall. 

Bedroom Area

Closets

Kitchen

Bathroom

VIEW OF SAN JOSE 

Bello Horizonte, San Jose, Escazu, Costa Rica

This was the beautoful view just steps away from our room. The hotel was up on the mountain side so we could look down over San Jose, and see all of the twinkling yellow lights of the nightlife here. The infinity pool was beautiful but as we checked in so late after our arrival, and checked out very early we didn't get to enjoy it. 

MIRADOR TIQUICIA

Bebedero, San Antonio, Costa Rica

This is a must try for any tourists in San Jose. We found this after a quick google search, and were on our way. The outside was an empty dirt parking lot with no signage, and we walked down a dirt path behind some other patrons to find this hidden gem. Once inside we were guided down several hallways past the indoor dining areas to the most upper level. 

TABLON SURTIDO ESAZU PARA 2 PERSONAS

This restaurant had this typical gingam pattern on all of the tables which reminded me a lot of an Italian restaurant. The server was super friendly, and informative when asking about the meals, and recommended some very good choices to us. Here we got a mixed platter for two with costilla BBQ, chicharones, salchichon, yuca frita, frijoles molidos, patacones, pico de gallo, and papas tiquicia. 

LOMITO TICO 

Hands down this was the best steak that I had the entire trip in Costa Rica. It was perfectly cooked inside, and not rare(I like my foot to be cooked through), with a side of sweet plantain, fried cassava, pico de gallo, and of course a Costa Rican staple- beans with tortilla chips.

SAN ISIDRO

We visited San Isidro twice as a class. The first visit was on Monday May 15th, 2023 where we got to visit the San Isidro El Labrador Festival. This festival featured street vendors, rides, games, and a parade of Ox Carts, vintage cars, and motorcycles! People travelled to San Isidro from neighbouring communities to share their Ox Cart designs, and Ox's. Many were ridden by women, or young girls, and in all of the carts were family members while some walked alongside pushing, and prodding the animals with long sticks that had a metal hook on the end.

There was definitely a huge sense of pride from the community members as they shared their prized animals with each other, and cheered each of the colourful carts along. When the vintage cars came out young boys would stand beside them for pictures, and the drivers couldn't wait to rev their loud engines down the road. At one point we were so far out into the road admiring all there was to see that the local policia(police) were called to stand with us. One ox carried such huge horns on his head that it felt as though he might fall over. Many animals were happy to pull carts through the parade but there was also an underlying message of wealth, and status in the animals as some were well cared for, and fed, and others had ribs showing through their dull coloured coats of fur. 

These ox were part of their families, and they were proud to share them in the festival. The ox cart held the most significance as they were used as a way to move food harvested on the farms, and bring them out to be sold. As technologies, and practices changed over the years the ox carts were retired. Each family would paint theirs with colourful patterns, and designs often in red, or orange. No two carts were the same, and you could see which carts had been carefully preserved, and prepared for the show. Some of the wheels had a small hub that can play music. Every family member wore their best outfits, and even their children would join in on the fun. Performance of the food worker, and agriculture was on display, as well as settler colonialism. In Costa Rica the Indigenous Communities are not acknowledged while the ox cart designs boast aztec disk, and spheres on the wheels as a way of cultural appropriation of the Indigenous artwork. They are sharing past histories of their town while still leaving out a significantly important part of their beginning- the Indigenous Communities. 

Cancha de Futbol de San Isidro is a soccer park in the middle of San Isidro. It is surrounded by benches, shrubbery, and various statues. Here we see a woman nursing her baby which is very reminiscent of Mother Mary. As it is just steps away from the Iglesias San Isidro Labrador I imagine that it a homage to women, and motherhood. She is up ontop of the pedelstal which is a significant placement to her role as a woman. I noticed that in many places women carried out traditional female roles such as cooking, cleaning, and mothering but there were often times they also took on typical male roles such as farming, carring for the animals, creating manure, or in my homestay where Ligia's husband Martine would also share in the cooking, or cleaning of the home. This wasn't universal though, and we often saw women who's roles were within their homes only, they didn't have access to education, or work outside of the home, and they depended on their husbands to work to support themselves.  Specifically in this festival we observed that all of the luxury vehicles were driven by men, and the women were allowed to ride the animals, and ox carts only. 

I arrived at Iglesias San Isidro Labrador just in time to see hundreds of priests dawning their white robs, and saying prayers in Spanish just on the otherside of the main doors. One man who presumably must be a bishop came in, and they placed a special headpiece on him. A quick glimpse inside showed that all of the pews were full of parisioners, and I crowded into the doorway with about a hundred other people to watch the ceremony. As soon as the headpiece was placed one priest thanked us all in Spanish, and they closed the doors because they were clearly at capacity. This church was structurally beautiful, and a landmark in this city. It was certainly a good feeling to be able to be apart of this festival in this way even if just for a moment.

This bull in particular caused everyone to move back from the road, and make way for him. He could hardly keep his head up, and as you can see from the red eyes glaring at me he was not happy to be here this day. The owners were very brave to lead this bull on but I am sure if given the chance he could've definitely moved himself where he wanted to go.

I can't say that I saw many of these cars while driving on the city streets so it was lovely to see all of the vintage, and luxury vehicles out on the road. In San Jose I used UBER to get around but the further away I went from the main city the more secluded we were with limited access to transportation to go anywhere. My homestay didn't have the luxury of a vehicle so it severely limited their ability to access resources in the community. They relied solely on the food they grew in their backyard to feed themselves, and us. Seeing these extreme variables of poverty, and wealth in Costa Rica was very similar to the life I have experienced growing up in Toronto. 

Unfortunately with living so deep in the mountains in Quizarra there was only a couple of convenience stores about a forty minute walk away from our homestay, and no grocery store anywhere within walking distance. It really means that as a resident in this community you are dependent upon developing your own food sovereignty to grow, and harvest foods as well as planning in advance how, and where you'll be able to get your staple items such as salt, pepper, milk powder, or other items that aren't being grown in the backyard. While I grew up without a car I had the ability to walk to a nearby grocery store, or take public transit to one. 

This was Jorge Manen. We were watching the bulls walk down, and I struck up a conversation with him in Spanish. Jorge had been at work since 4:00AM, and was waiting for the festival to begin. He was able to walk over on his lunch break, and take in the festivities. We chatted until his break was over, and he went back to work. After speaking with my homestay we determined the minimum wage was about c1500 Colones or $3.69 Canadian per hour. On average an unskilled worker is earning $300-$500 Canadian dollars per month. It was clear to me that this was the highlight of Jorge's time at work that day, and he looked forward to the event year after year. He especially enjoyed watching us Canadian tourists be shooed from the roadside by the police, and telling us to watch out for the bulls, and horses. 

For Jorge I imagine that he was a city person whereas the festival had lots of "campasinos" or "peasants" as they are offered referred to as an insult. It is used against rural community members to imply that they lack knowledge, and understanding. We could see the social status of families in the way they adorned the heads of some of the ox with fancy materials, and by how well fed they were. Those who could afford to would paint their carts, and freshen them up while others displayed worn, and weathered pieces of wood. 

CHORREADOR DE CAFE & CAFE

I arrived in San Jose on May 10th, 2023, and as I began to explore the city I immediately immersed myself into their food trying everything  I was able to. The following day I met with my coursemates at the Restaurante Nuestra Tierra where I saw someone at a nearby table having coffee poured for them, and was fascinated by the pour over contraption that was being used to prepare the coffee grounds for drinking. After I finished my meal I ordered a coffee for myself, and it was absoloutely delicious. Here you will find a collection of images featuring various coffees that I was able to order from across Costa Rica in San Jose, San Isidro, Quizarra, Las Nubes, and everything in between.

RESTAURANTE NUESTRA TIERRA

We met at this restaurant on the first day of our course for lunch. This was my first time experiencing Costa Rican coffee prepared this way. It was very tasty, and definitely more potent that the cheap stuff we often find in Toronto. It was after this first cup that I decided I would find mysef my own chorreador de cafe to bring home with me. 

HOMESTAY

Every morning Ligia would rise around 4:30AM. She would prepare breakfast for Ghezala, and I, and on weekdays wait for her grandson Devin to be dropped off around 5:00AM. This was her chorreador de cafe that she or Martine would use to prepare coffee, and then she poured the metal tin into the green thermos pictured in the background to keep the coffee warm for us when we got up. Typically I would wake up at 6:00AM for school, or work in Toronto however in Costa Rica with the two-hour difference I found I was waking up around 5:15AM each morning. I would quickly get ready for the day, and then join Ligia at the table for a fresh cup of coffee, and to practice my Spanish with her. I left Costa Rica feeling very fluent in Spanish, and this was attributed to the use of Google translator, and the daily practice I got by sitting with Ligia, and sharing stories with each other about our lives. 

RESTAURANTE NUESTRA TIERRA

The server at this restaurant was lovely. They prepared the coffee like this at your individual table, and despite the language barrier we were able to communicate with each other easily which was a nice feeling. Being in a foreign country it certainly felt like the right thing to do to try, and learn some of the language to communicate with the locals.

GRETAL'S SPECIAL  GLOSBE CAFE

We visited the York University Eco campus about four times during our stay. It's quite a nice building with very good washrooms, a kitchen, and stellar views of the biological corridor. A local employee-Gretal was introduced to us on the first day, and she would always be busy in the kitchen making snacks, and drinks for us while we were visiting. Gretal's family owned a coffee farm where they would bag, and sell their coffee beans- Glosbe Cafe. Her coffee was very tasty, and I always enjoyed the comfort food she served us.

CAFE PAN

This was a cappuccino from Cafe Pan. I seldom purchase cappuccino's but this was certainly one of the highlights of my trip. Sitting outside in the beautiful, warm sunlight, and sipping on the fresh made brew was a nice feeling after such an eventful day. While I enjoyed my treat alone I appreciated the quiet space to reflect on my time away, and the goodness that was Cafe Pan.

LIGIA'S DAILY SPECIAL

Each morning I was blessed with a tasty breakfast meal from Ligia's kitchen. It never failed to include a hot cup of coffee, and while the mugs changed the flavours did not. For us though this was more than just a cup of coffee. It was a way for us to connect before a long school day, and to better understand each other. We spoke of our families histories, shared stories of our children, and discussed our favourite meals. It was always a pleasure to be welcomed at her table, and to experience what life was like for them in Quizarra. 

REY SELECTO

Before heading off to class one day I asked Ligia what the best coffee was in her opinion in Costa Rica. She said that the number one choice of hers would Rey Selecto. Its a red bag with a photo of the King of hearts on the front sipping a cup of coffee. I managed to pick up a bag for her during a visit to San Isidro which she kindly shared with us the following day. My first time having coffee with her I asked if she had leche(milk) which she did not. I realized that they don't use fresh milk or cream, and instead had a coffee whitener that they used to lighten their coffee. If they needed milk for something they would use powdered milk. I didn't mind the coffee whitener at all but powdered milk brought me back to my childhood growing up in Toronto where that was all we had, and definitely something I don't want to try again. You're humbled very quickly when living with someone in Quizarra because it is a community where people are surviving on very little. 

SAN JOSE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (SJO) CAFE'S

After drinking some of the best coffee over the two weeks I was in Costa Rica I was able to grab a few cups at the San Jose International Airport (SJO) before my departure to Toronto. I hate to say it but the coffee, and food all around was not comparable to the local eats I had been enjoying. This particular one was complimentary from Air Canada after our flight was delayed due to technical difficulties they were having, and overall will not be missed! My takeaway from this is to try coffee, and food from anywhere except the airport!

LIGIA'S DINNER

Every evening I could always count on a fresh, nutritious meal to be waiting for me. Ligia prepared chicken breast, rice, diced tomatoes, and the green fruit is a type of orange from their backyard. It was very good, and a nice treat after a long day.

PINGUINO'S!

One of the other students- Aswan got me into these. We stopped off at a convenience store near the beginning of our trip where he purchased about a dozen packages of penguinos. He explained that the double chocolate, and cookies, and cream flavours were rare to find, and that the prices were cheaper in the mountains as opposed to purchasing them at the airport. I took his advice, and tried these hostess cake which were without a doubt the best packaged snack I had the entire trip. 

LA COMIDA

During my time in Costa Rica I had the privilege of trying many, many local eats direct from the Boruca Indigenous Peoples, farmers, local restaurants, bakeries, and home cooked meals from my homestay Ligia who was an amazing chef! I left Costa Rica with a renewed understanding of what it meant to have food, and to appreciate the work that goes on before the food reaches my home. Seeing first hand the way that coffee beans needed to be collected, and at what time of year, or the hand work needed to open up a cacao before the seeds could be harvested, and turned into chocolate bars. 

In my homestay having food items from outside of their backyard was a luxury. Transportation was also part of their food sovereignty. For many in the community access to financial resources contributed to food sovereignty for those who lacked it could not access transportation, or eat things such as chips, pop, or candies. Perhaps this forced people to eat a simpler way, and one that made room for more nutritious eats. When some families did get to a store it was rice, beans, and milk that they would often stock up on, and I can confidently say I have eaten more rice in those two weeks than I have in the past four years. 

Perhaps this way of life lacks access to resources, and education on the benefits of healthy eating, or Organic foods as shared with us by local community farmers. All of these corner shops were well stocked with packaged goods but none of them help a rack of fresh produce to choose from. There weren't any local farmers markets within walking distance, and you pretty much had to depend on your own knowledge to branch out, or make relationships with other farmers who are trying new things out. 

We constantly reflected on the meaning of food throughout these weeks, and for me food was family, and community. It was a time to gather, to give thanks, appreciation, and to make new friends. I can remember each person who prepared a dish for me, and the love that went into those meals. Even when they had very little themselves they were able to put so much into making something that was shared with me. Food tells the story of its chef, and shares the history of them within every layer. 

CAFE PAN

This was the local coffee shop that was run by a group of approximately forty-five women residing in the local community. Together they created Cafe Pan which was most famous for it's "elephant ear" pastries(a thin, flaky bread covered in sugar), and delicious take away coffee. I visited here twice where I enjoyed cakes, pastries, and coffee during my stay.

COMIDA COMPESINA

Peasant's food that was served to us wrapped inside of a banana leaf. This warm meal consisted of plantain, tortilla, rice, beans, and chicken. It was served at the backyard of a family living steps away from the Biblioteca La Casita Azul in Perez Zeledon. The banana leaf adds a unique flavour to the meal, and was a staple item for farm workers to carry with them into the fields for their lunches. 

SPANISH SABORES

A tasty seafood meal. It was over this dish that I first met the students I would spend the next few weeks with. It has a delicious smell, and the sizzle coming from the hot plate was definitely one to be remembered. 

In Costa Rica they have sinks in many of the restaurants, on the street, and in local markets. This allows you to go, and wash your hands before, and after eating a meal without going to the bathroom. I loved this idea but also noticed that dependent on where a sink was located some would use it to brush their teeth, wash their faces, or even bathe in public. They were always stocked with liquid hand soap something I found was a luxury item to have in Quizarra, and was not able to be found anywhere near the homestay I was in. 

TRUCK STOP FOOD

Our journey from San Jose to Quizarra was around five hours. After spending loads of time behind one motion sick student I was relieved to finally get off of the bus, and into a space where we could stretch our legs, and try some food. I was able to get this chicken breast that had been boiled in tomato sauce over rice. It wasn't a favourite of mine but it wasn't terrible either. What I did enjoy most(and don't have a photo of) was the tasty cappucino they made with Nescafe coffee. We stopped here once more on the way home but unfortunately for me the coffee machine was no longer working. I did get a regular coffee but it wasn't as delicious as the Nescafe I had tried two weeks earlier. I appreciated that within this long journey there was such a bustling truck stop with a wide variety of hot foods to choose from. Many people worked there, and it was an opportunity to check out from the long drive taken earlier while travelling. 

TRUCK STOP FOOD

This was our first meal as a class while travelling to our homestays. There were several counters stocked with a variety of foods. On my way back to San Jose I opted for a beed empanada. I assumed it would be ground beef similar to a Jamaican beef patty but in actuality they were made with shredded roast beef.

FRESH BREAD

This bread was prepared for us while visiting Marvin's farm. It was from Coffee Pan in Santa Elena. Some of them tasted like an egg bread, and the others had cheddar cheese sprinkled on top.

TRADITIONAL COSTA RICAN BREAKFAST

This was the first meal I enjoyed at my homestay. It was a slice of pan with arroz, frijoles, huevos y platano. 

DESAYUNO EN MI CASA DE FAMILLIA 

Arroz, frijoles, huevos y tortillia. This was served most mornings as the breakfast, and in a variety of ways. One thing was for certain, and that was if you are in Costa Rica be prepared to eat the staple foods. In my own home we eat plaintains several times a year fried when ripened as that's when they're the sweetest so I enjoyed eating those the most!

BOLLOS FRESCOS

These were fresh buns that my homestay Ligia prepared one morning for us. She was always busy cooking, and rarely was asleep when I was living with her. Each day she would prepare something new, and as all of the food she served mainly came from their backyard there was no shortage of tasty meals to be made. 

COMIDA PARA ILEVAR

This was one of several packed lunches I had enjoyed. Chopped green beans, carrots, mashed potatoes, and breaded chicken breast. My homestay Ligia would wake up around 4:30AM to prepare each meal from scratch. It was then careful wrapped in a tea towel, and ready for a hot lunch while at school.

SOUR CREAM

In our homestay sour cream was used on everything. It took a few days before I realized that it was sour cream as the texture is different from what I am used to in Toronto. I was very confused when I first tried it as it was the texture of a custard but tasted similar to mayonnaise. 

SNAKE FRUIT

Snake fruit that was found in a local food market. It is a tropical fruit grown in Indonesia known as Salak, and grows on palm trees there. This is a sign of imported goods to the region, and not something grown locally from a farmer there. One tip shared to us in the market was to look at the hands of the seller- those with worn, dirty hands were farmers, and those who were clean, and often well dressed were resellers, or wholesalers. As my husband is a mechanic his hands are often a sign of the hard labour he endures. This was easy for me to spot while walking through so that I could ensure my own funds spent were with those who were farmers in the surrounding community.

COMIDA PARA ILEVAR

Here is another example of the lunches that Ligia packed for us. This one consisted of rice, a fried egg, plantains, and beans. Food sovereignty also means to avoid food waste. While I may have enjoyed a lot of repeated dishes I felt it was important to also not waste the food provided to me. On this day I striggled to eat everything as eggs are not a huge favourite of mine so upon returning home Ligia left the remainder out for their Chihuahua Suzy to enjoy.

SOPA DE FRIJOL

This was a traditional vegatable soup that was prepared with chick peas, beans, cucumber, and tomatoes. It was the only soup that I tried during my trip, and was very refreshing, and a nice change to the heavier meals that were being prepared for us. 

FRENCH FRIES

I found these fries inside a local bar and restaurant in Perez Zeledon- actually the only place like it that existed in this rural community. It was about a forty-five minute walk away from my homestay, and boasted a full menu of fast food staples- chicken wings, fish fritters, french fries, and a variety of beverages were all they offered but it was nice to find something similar to fast food in here. This particular place had been closed for two years, and opened up just a couple of days dining here.

CHICHARRON 

This was sold during the EXPO Cobas Festival, and was prepared by the women, and men of the local community. There was a piece of baked cassava, plantain, chicharron, and a handmade tortilla. My homestay Ligia's sister was up the night before carefully making all of these for the festival. 

LIGIA'S DESAYUNO

This traditional breakfast was fried rice, and beans, an sunnyside up egg, and a tortilla with cheese.

SANDWICH DE HUEVOS Y FRIJOLES REFRITOS

This was another breakfast dish prepared by Ligia, and a first for me. Two slices of white bread with refried beans, and a fried egg in the middle.

EMPANADA

These banana filled empanadas were prepared at the EXPO Cobas Festival by the local community members. I enjoyed eating meals here because there were a wide variety of items to choose from, and they were all tasty. 

MARTA'S FARM LUNCH

During our visit to Marta's Farm we were served a delicious lunch prepared with Organic food from their farm. There was chicken breast with potatos covered in tumeric, ensalada(salad), black beans, rice, and tortillas.

CHULETAS DE CERDO

Behind the dining area was where all the magic was happening. These pork chops tasted very different from the ones I have tried in Toronto, and were almost like a steak. Definitely loved that they were smoked outside on a homemade barbeque, and were very tasty at the EXPO Cobas Festival.

PASTA

This was a meal that Benam prepared for our homestay one evening. It was a traditional pasta with a tomato, and red wine sauce. It was enjoyed by everyone around the table that evening, and it was enjoyed by all.

FISH TACOS

Here was the beginning of frying some frozen basa fillets that we picked up in a supermarket in San Isidro, and used to make fish tacos for our homestay family. 

PINEAPPLE

 A fresh cut pineapple that was enjoyed one morning while waiting for our driver to pick us up, and bring us to the school bus for our daily adventure.

QUESIDILLA

We purchased far too many of these premade tortilla's for our tacos so these left overs were perfect for delicious quesadilla's for breakfast the next day.

EGG FRIED CHAYOTE

This chayote was cut thinly, and battered with raw egg before being fried with oil. This was the first time I tried one of these. 

LA FERIA FOOD COURT

One of the meals I tried at La Feria. Here was a mix of chicharron, mashed potatoes with gravy, plantain, and cheese stuffed noodles. 

FRIED CAULIFLOWER

This chopped cauliflower was seasoned, and used as a filler inside of handmade tortillas at Marta's Farm. 

FRIED SWEET BREAD

Made by the Indigenous People in Boruca as a snack for our group. We had fresh cut watermelon, and these sweet fried pieces of bread that were sprinkled with sugar.

COMMUNAL MEAL

During one of our visits to the Las Nubes Eco Campus we shopped, and prepared several dishes for our group. There was mushroom stuffed peppers, pasta, garlic bread, schnitzel, and a manzana de aqua(water apple) cheesecake I prepared. This was a nice way to come together as a class, and share our individual talens wether it was from meal prep, setting the table, or clean up. Together we crafted a piece of our own story of our time in Costa Rica.

LA FERIA FOODCOURT

One of the vendors in the farmers market foodcourt. They had a variety of tasty items, and on this day made Empanada's for our group to try.

LIGIA'S PAN DE BANANA

Made with fresh banana's from their backyard this was a very delicious banana bread with butter.

ROASTED TOMATO'S

These were simmering away at the farmers market where you can purchase these to make homemade tomato sauce, chilly, and soups.

GRETAL'S GINGER SNAPS

I think that these were ginger snap cookies but never the less they were made by Gretal for us at the Las Nubes Eco Campus. They paired very well with the fresh coffee she made for us.

CHULETA DE CERDO

Pork chop served with a tortilla, plantain, and a plantain stuffed Empanada at the EXPO Cobas Festival.

STRAWBERRIES

These fresh strawberries were picked up for my homestay from the farmers market. They were about c5000 colones for this bag which would be roughly $12.00 Canadian for this bag.

TROPICAL

I alternated between gatorades, and Tropical juices during my trip. This was very refreshing after a long day outside in the heat.

MANZANA'S DE AQUA

These were harvested from my homestays backyard. I chopped them, and used them to create a compote with sugar, and water that would be used over top of the cheesecake that I prepared.

CHURROS

These warm churros were served up during the San Isidro El Labrador Festival from one of the pop up vendors.

JELLO

While visiting Hania's farm we were served a refreshing dessert with three layers of a red jello, mango jelly, and creamy topping. Topped off with edible flowers from their Organic farm. 

PASTEL DE BUDIN DE PAN

Found at Cafe Pan this bread pudding cake was soaked with sugar, and covered in caramel, and peanuts. 

LIGIA'S DESAYUNO

Another traditional meal of friend plantains, rice, and large thick cut of queso(cheese)! I would never eat this much cheese at one time like this so it was interesting to try this meal. Something new!

LIGIA'S CREPES

When I came down to Costa Rica I didn't know who I would be staying with, or where so I had to pack homestay gifts in a strategic way so that they could be enjoyed by all. I brought sugar free maple syrup, and the following day Ligia prepared these "crepes" for us.

FRIED SHRIMPS, AND TORTILLA CHIPS

These fried shrimps, and chips were served at the local bar & restaurant in Perez Zeledon. 

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SANTA ELENA

While in Santa Elena we were welcomed into the Cafe Pan to make our own "elephant ear" pastries. These are a thin piece of dough that we got to roll out, and then cover with white sugar. It was certainly more than just a bakery as these local women in the community gathered to create a way to generate income for their families. They are an association which is necessary to have access to income from loans, or government funding to support the operational needs of the bakery. 

The loan they are currently operating with must be sustainable for ten years, or they will have to repay the funding they've received. This significantly impacts their operations as they mentioned they're in need of new kitchen equipment but are unable to generate the sales needed in this rural area. Many locals travel to San Isidro to purchase fresh bread instead of supporting this bakery. Since it is such a small, tight knit community everyone knows everyone, and that doesn't mean that they want to support them! Jealously plays an underlying tone to their success, and so they rely heavily on tourism to stay afloat. 

Being regulated ensures they have access to funding programs, and comes with the price of competing against those without the appropriate insurance, or overhead costs. Never the less this group of women continues to band together, and create a variety of pastries, and baked goods. There is a sisterhood, and women empowerment taking place in this small bakery. It provides a means for themselves outside of the home, and provides something to look forward to. I was constantly aware of the seclusion of living in this province, and thought this was a nice way for people to gather with likeminded individuals instead of being stuck in a remote home with no access to the outside world as many were living.

This was some of the premade dough that was brought out for us to use.

Here we were shown how to roll, and cut the flaky pastry dough.

We used these metal rolling pins, and an abundance of sugar to coat our bread.

As mentioned they were in need of a new industrial oven which they said affects the quality of the baked goods they're preparing. The finished elephant ears were delicious, and despite the needs of the business they were still able to prepare a variety of foods.

This was a popular drink that I found was sold in all of the convenience area's or restaurants.

These were pizza buns, a cappuccino, and a the bread pudding cake mentioned above.

MARVINS FARM

Finca Capicacoa

Coffee bean plant.

Ripened coffee beans.

Marvin explaining the coffee bean process to us.

On Saturday May 13th, 2023 we visited Marvin's farm. Here on this sprawling property of roughly two hundred hectares we learned the story of Marvin. He was once a young man who was working hard each day, and supporting his family. As he reached his mid twenties he realized that he had nothing to offer anyone, and hadn't achieved goals that he thought he should have at that time. He began to work, and save money which eventually led to him purchase one hectare of land that quickly grew over time as his business expanded. It was then that he felt he would be able to support himself that he could have a spouse, and support a family. Together his family, and children alongside the workers he employs in the community maintain the farmlands, and care for one of the largest producers of chocolate- Finca Capicacoa. 

This trip began with a guided hike through the property where we would see, and taste a variety of cacao seeds from freshly opened cacao in front of us, sugar cane, peppercorn, and a many other products that were being produced there. The hike went up, and down steep heels through the jungle where we saw one of the first plants that were ever on the earth, and featured in the Jurassic Park films, trees that sprouted roots above the ground to obtain more light, and many idealic spaces deep within the Santa Elena Countryside. 

What was most prominent however within this story was the quest for social justice among the farmers to encourage the communities of Costa Rica to shop locally grown foods, and to support the local farmers. There was a lack of support from the Costa Rican government to encourage people to shop locally, and instead many staple items available in abundance such as sugar cane, beans, rice or produce. Marvin hired workers to maintain the farm instead of using herbicides that could produce long term health effects however he has to compete with facilities outside of Costa Rica that rely on machinery making it easier for them to harvest large quantities of crops to be exported to other countries such as Canada before being imported for sale in Costa Rica. 

It isn't enough to be just a farmer in Santa Elena but Marvin also needs to be an advocate for food sovereignty long term for the good of farmers, and for the ethical treatment of labourers. In nearby Nicaragua where sugar cane is purchased from workers are loaded into trucks, and brought back, and forth for unfair wages whereas in Costa Rica workers are transported ethically, and paid fair wages. Marvin spoke of a desire to see a fair trade agreement with standards to protect these workers providing access to social security, benefits, and a way for everyone to prosper equitably. License's are required to sell products in the grocery story for each individual product barcode. Selling products requires the farmer to pay a 13% tax, and seeds are subjected to a 1% tax. It is illegal to sell products without a license. These regulations apply to both small, and large producers in the country thus preventing smaller farmers to become owbers because they don't have the ability, or skills to calculate the tax rates on their products, and are unable to afford an accountant. 

The biggest issue among the farmers aside from those previously mentioned are that the younger generations do now want to be farmers. The farmers children are growing up with different dreams that are more academic based, and bringing them into the cities from the remote outer farmlands of Costa Rica. As a teacher, and Registered Early Childhood Educator but most importantly as a mother I firmly believe that our children should be able to grow, and decide the futures that are best for themselves. At times being in Costa Rica I felt like I was stepping back into the early 2000's time period, and I think that having our children follow our dreams, and desires sets them up for a life of what ifs, and misery. I met many families where this model worked for them, and the adult children were satisfied with their lives trajectory but I think that ultimately it needs to be the choice of the child. Some of the most talented people we know today-Dolly Parton, Brad Pitt, Oprah Winfrey, P!nk, or Channing Tatum to name a few all grew up in small towns. 

If the children want to become farmers they should be supported to do so, and if they want to take a more academic way of life, and see what lies beyond the mountain side they should be supported to do that to. I definitely noticed that in my homestay Martine, and Ligia were very intune with their children. Two of them moved into San Isidro to work in the busy city after attending university, one lived on a small land nearby raising his son, and travelling to work at a local grocery store, and factory each day, and the fourth only twenty one years old lived at home while he spent time figuring out what he wanted for his life. They supported all of them in their decision making, and the ones living in the city were happy in their lives, and the ones living in Quizarra were happy in their lives. All of their children learned both English, and Spanish which allowed for better opportunities for them in their work life.


This leafy plant here was one of the first prehistoric plant to be found on earth. Marvins's farm is home to many of them.

The Walking Tree grows roots outside of the ground to get taller, and get more sun competing with the other plants in the jungle.

Sugar cane field in Marvin's Farm.

One Species of Cacao we got to taste.

Another species of Cacao we tried. Both were tasty, and a little sour.

Peppercorn plant.

Fresh chocolate.

Some of the products being sold including ground coffee, tumeric, black pepper, pepper corn, paprika, chocolate bars, and cocoa powder.

The process of making chocolate from cacao seeds to milk chocolate.

Sweet bread with milk chocolate dip.

Marvin, and I before we departed for the day. One of the most hard working men I have been fortunate to meet. Hearing his story firsthead echoed the sentiments of many farmers in Costa Rica, and told the story of humble beginnings, and a dream for a better life.

BORUCA

On Sunday May 14th, 2023 we travelled about an hour, and a half to Boruca which was one of several Indigenous Communities in Costa Rica. The population is estimated to be around 2,500 people, and they live in the Puntarenas area on one of the first Indigenous reserves established in Costa Rica. Upon arriving we travelled up about one hundred or more handmade stairs up the mountain side where several Indigenous families resided. Here we met with a local theatre group who began our day with a performance called the Creation of Night. It featured several animals including:

The Owl- The Spirit of the Night

The Jaguar- The Spirit of the Mountain

The Frog, The Butterfly, and several other creatures.

This theatre was led by one man who's passion for theatre led him to a three week course in San Jose where he brought back techniques he learned a local university to share with his group. They are comprised of children, and youth who reside there, and together they use colourful masks, body paint, and costumes to tell the story of their land. They had the ability to be transformative from a person to a jaguar, and used their historical teachings to tell a story. To enter into a mountain they would ask permission first, and respected the land, and creatures that resided there as spiritual guiders. 

Typically they liked to perform at the Boruca Falls but they did travel all around Costa Rica giving performances wherever they were requested. There was a bird "cool ka we"(spelling?) that when it sings the Boruca people believe that someone is going to die. Using theatre they're able to connect to nature, and the animals they portray, the land, and sprites of the sea. Their bodies are painted with clay, and different coloured paints to create unique costumes for their performance, and allow them to engage with the natural materials around them.

Seeing this space reminded me of the Indigenous lands we have in Canada, and the pathway to Truth, and Reconciliation our government has taken. In Costa Rica, Indigenous people are still fighting for basic human rights, and ownership over their land. It was shared during our conversations that they're at risk of losing their language- Brunca. As time passes there are less, and less people able to speak their language as it lost due to colonialism, and instead they've become Spanish speaking. As someone who was born, and raised in Canada I know the priveledge the English language grants me. Being in Costa Rica I had to rely on Google translator on my cellphone to communicate with others. I did however intentionally ensure that when speaking with Costa Ricans, or the Boruca people that I spoke to them in Spanish, and while I didn't always understand all of their responses I did understand enough so that I could communicate with them, and learn their language to honour their language.  


This was a meal that was prepared for us by the family of Marina. When we arrived at their business they put out this buffet spread for us all to enjoy of salad, steamed vegetables, rice, kidney beans, chuletta(pork), banana ceviche, tortillas, juice, and frog water. They reminded me a lot of myself in that when entertaining others at my home I will always prepare food for them, and not just a few snacks but a full nutritious meal. I consider the food insecurity that exists in the world(now more than ever), and never want anyone to leave my home feeling hungry, or that they've hadn't had enough to eat. 

In Boruca I tried to understand what food security looked like for the residents, and there seemed to be two predominant factors. The first being the obvious was income. Food purchased needed to be obtained from the reserves themselves, or you needed to have access to a vehicle to go off reserve, and purchase items from a grocery store. If a family had a way to in earn income by selling handmade goods, and products they could use that to sustain their family, or they needed to work for someone else often for very low paying wages. Many who are farmers rely on agriculture to generate income but if their land is on a reserve it is not regarded as their own personal property by the Costa Rican Government. 

The second factor was clean water. Overall only about 26% of Indigenous Costa Ricans as a whole have access to clean water. There are eight different Indigenous communities in Costa Rica including the 1) Bribri, 2) Cabecar, Cordillera de Talamanca, 3) Guaymi, 4) Huetar, Quiterrisi, 5) Maleku, 6) Matambu, 7) Terraba, and 8) Boruca. Together they comprise over 114,000 Indigenous people which means that roughly 84,000 Indigenous Costa Ricans are living without clean water. Not only does this impact their food sovereignty it also impacts their determinants of health as they often have limited to no access to modern medicine, or care. The Cabecar, Cordillera de Talamanca people live so far up inside of the Chirripo mountains that it can take several hours to hike there which limits the resources they have access to outside of their home including modern education, medicines, or social communication with those outside of their tribe therefor they don't speak Spanish on this reserve instead relying on their own language. This makes advocacy for clean water very difficult for these communities, and when considering the similar circumstances within Canada we know that bureaucracy hinders the improvement of Indigenous communities, and does not honour their own ways of knowing. 

In Costa Rica many of the homes are painted in unique, bright colours. This home in Boruca was playing music, and I loved the vibrance of the outside among the lush, green backdrop of plants, and trees that surrounded it. To the right are some of the snacks I found at their convenience store, and a chorreador de cafe that I purchased as a gift in one of their souvenir shops. It was clear that Boruca used tourism as a source of income, and so they were set up in a way to generate income for their community. I imagine that this is not the standard across all of the Indigenous reserves, and that specifically in the very remote reserves tourism would not be welcomed. It is important to respect this space, and the privilege we had as York University students entering into their reserve through the partnership that has been developed here for us. 

If anyone were to become ill they would rely on natural medicines from a Sukia(healer) to treat their ailments. This is important as a its a role of trust within their community to go to this individual, and seek out a non-traditional form of medical care. With all the stairs that were leading up to the land where the theatre troop lived I imagine that can be very difficult for those who are not as physically fit due to medical conditions, age, or other underlying factors. This could certainly be a factor that prevents someone from accessing medical care, or resources outside of them, and as they are all living on an Indigenous Territory it allowed them space to create their own shops, resources, and medical care that they wanted, and was cultural responsive to the Boruca people. Some of the significant natural resources they used to treat ailments were Porkuma- a species of flowering plant. Unfortunately due to the remoteness of the reserves Indigenous Costa Ricans do not have equal access to health care, and depend on 

Boruca people wore loin cloths that are weaved by both men, and women. Growing cotton on the land themselves to later spin into threads. They dye it with clay, and plants.  In January, or February at the beginning of the year community members will travel together to specific beaches to collect seashells that when crushed make a black dye for their cotton. It can take as many as one hundred of these seashells to achieve the colours they need therefor making items dyed with these shells more expensive. One thing I learned was that purple(my favourite of them all) is regarded as a happy colour. I comes from a green plant called cusca plant which means purple colour, or violet, and was used medicinally as a pain reliever. Turmeric could be crushed by hand with a large stone to create a pungent yellow colour, and the tones of all the dye could be altered with the use of lemon, or vinegar as the acidic properties. Lemon was also used to set the dye within the cotton. It was most important that when it came to dying they used cotton as any synthetic fiber's would not absorb the colours in the same way. Azul de mata the blue dyed threads, and lanana was the Brunca word for wool. 

After the theatre groups presentation we met with Marina. Standing on the porch of their business she shared with us her story of who she was, and the path she took to be where was she was today. She was very interested in making her own textiles, and learned how to do them from another woman in the community when she was about twenty years old. She made change pouches, purses, belts, and large bags all by hand, and sold them for very little money. As she improved her craft she was able to expand her business over time, and develop new designs for her textiles. The money she generated from her work was able to support her ten children over the years. Allowing the tourism of us York University students contributed to their sustainability as we purchased the textile materials that were created using many different edible foods for dye. She remarked that while she was going to school she had only one notebook, and one pencil to study with, and through this partnership with York University she is able to better support her family, and improve their quality life. She lived higher up in the reserve at the top of the stairs to provide a quieter life for her family away from the busy street where we were dying cotton. 

After being take through the process of dying, and spinning cotton we had the opportunity to dye our own t-shirts using the natural dye they prepared for us in large bins. The colours took very well to the cotton shirt I brought with me, and having washed it twice already it turned out very well in the end. I have done tye dye shirts many times before but what I learned during this experience was the ways I could rely on the natural elements in the environment as a form of art, and bring that back to my classroom in Canada to share with my students. Involving them in the process of foraging plants, leaves, and herbs that we can later crush together, and experiment with would make for a more holistic approach to this historical art form. 

The Feista de los Diablos (dance of the devil) was traditionally held on December 31st each year for three days as a form of protest against bulls, and the Spanish invaders where the Boruca people would dress in elaborate masks pretending to be devils to scare them away.  They didn't have a historical account of when the masks were created though they were able to trace them back to when the Spanish invaders came to Costa Rica. It occurred sometime after the colonization of their grandparents, and was passed down from generation to generation. Some women had came there from San Jose where they taught a few children how to paint the masks by hand, and the tradition stayed ever since. Boruca people would carve masks out of balsa wood to wear, and the oldest "devil" would lead the festival. If cedar wood was used then it was required to be sealed with a varnish to bring out the natural colour of the wood instead of painting it whereas Balsa wood could be painted on the outside, and left raw on the inside(except if you're bringing them back to Canada then you should seal, or paint the wood to prevent it being confiscated upon arrival as untreated wood). Seashells were blown into for music, and sound in this performative form of protest. When carving the masks they would consider the emotions they wanted them to display, and what the masks intended purpose was. They tried to preserve the emotions of the devil, and blend this with a variety of animals in the design of the mask.

As they became more popular with time masks another form of these masks emerged that would be sold for tourists- the ecological mask. These masks were colourfully painted with different patterns, and designs of birds, amphibians, and animals from the jungle. No two masks were the same. If a mask was made with feathers, or other sacred materials to the Boruca people then they were not to be sold as souvenirs. Feathers from birds would be collected from the sanctuaries, and used for those masks. Shifting the purpose of the masks to consumerism allowed them to generate income for their families, and educate tourists on the culture, and identity. Originally they didn't have access to a variety of tools for carving, and they were made only of wood. Later on they began to also paint them as their techniques, and practices changed with time. This is another culturally significant form of tradition, and artwork for the Boruca people, and their hope is that by teaching the younger generations about their craft it will not be a lost art. Typically it is shared among brothers, and nephews as women are afraid to use the sharp knives needed for carving but they do engage in mask making with painting. In the Costa Rican schools mask making can be found as an elective course where students are taught to make masks but it is also something that they may learn at home if someone in their family is a mask maker. 

Another risk is the long term sustainability of balsa wood as it is hard to come by, and currently they're still working on securing water for the reserve to water the balsa trees to grow.  When carving the wood it is cut in a way that prevents water, and mosture from seeping into the wood. They cut logs down with a chain saw, and are sleective over which piece they'll be using. They remove the bark, and then cut the pieces in half so that they are able to carve out two masks with the half round pieces. They then refine the shape of the wood with a machete. They use a speerate knife to carve more intricate patterns into it, and the overall process can take about eight days from start to finish if working roughly four to five hours per day on one mask. The blue butterflies used are representative of women, and are often used as a form of solidarity with women in the designs. Each artist incorporates their traditions, and the elements of Costa Rica within their work. While the designs may be similar they are also varied by paintwork, and craftmanship. I certainly enjoyed about this process, and the sacred stories shared with us by the Boruca people. While I mention only a few of those who's names I recall there are still many others that were involved in this experience coming to fruition for us. My favourite takeaways were the knowledge, textiles, and balsa wood mask I was able to paint. 

CEDRAL

On Tuesday May 16th, 2023 we visited Moira's Farm which is a family run farm by Hania, her mother Marta, father, and brother Andres.  This farm transitioned into being an Organic farm in 2015, and is part of a organization of Organic farmers where they seek to spread awareness, and information on the benefits of Organic farming. When Marta was thirteen years old her family traded the land with an uncle, and they all moved there. Moira's farm is located at the end of "death road" an isolated



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Marta is seen here sifting the soil from using a device that one of her sons created for her. Traditionally she was sifting the soil by hand before bagging it however with time it was hurting her back to do this manual labour so with this device she was able to sift the soil while standing. This is only the last step of the process of creating organic soil as it first starts off with the perfect recipe of the microbiom needed to harvest the right bacteria in the soil that will allow plants to thrive. 

FERIA DE SAN ISIDRO

On Thursday May 18th, and Friday May 19th, 2023 we collaborated with local mural artist Raquel Bolanos to create two large murals that would later be displayed at the ExpoCOBAS Festival in Santa Elena that weekend. 

CASITA AZUL

Little Blue House.

DOMINICAL BEACH

On Wednesday May 17th, 2023 we visited Dominical Beach.

EXPOCOBAS

The ExpoCOBAS Festival took place on Saturday May 20th, and Sunday May 21st, 2023. 

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QUIZARRA

On Tuesday May 16th, 2023 we visited Luis Angel's Farm in Quizzara. 


HOMESTAY FAMILY

This was the homestay family I resided with- Ligia, and Martine. 

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